BYD

Jonas Gorsch, Julius Schneiders, Moritz H. Frieges, Niklas Kisseler, Domenic Klohs, H. Heimes, A. Kampker, Marina Muñoz Castro, Eleonore Siebecke

Yi Fang, Chengbo Fu, Soleiman Hashemishahraki

This study examines how oil market volatility and clean energy trends impact the stock performance of automakers, specifically comparing traditional manufacturers with electric vehicle (EV) producers such as BYD and Tesla. The objective is to assess the extent to which traditional automakers are sensitive to oil market fluctuations, while EV manufacturers align more closely with clean energy dynamics, particularly during global market crises. Using daily data from January 2013 to December 2023, we conduct linear regressions, GARCH, DCC-GARCH and the Diebold–Yilmaz connectedness approaches in the analysis. We use these econometric models to capture volatility patterns, correlations and cross-market spillovers. Traditional manufacturers are affected by both oil prices and clean energy development. While traditional automakers remain more vulnerable to oil price volatility, global leading EV manufacturers BYD and Tesla are less sensitive to oil price shocks and show strong alignment with clean energy indices. Significant volatility spillovers are observed during global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The paper uniquely integrates clean energy indices into the analysis of oil price impacts on automaker stocks. By comparing traditional and EV manufacturers using advanced econometric models, it sheds light on the literature of energy markets and sustainable financial markets.

Fengli Zhang, Wenjiang Wang, Qiuli Luo, Zhicheng Zhu, Rongrong Zhang, Lijun Tang, Hu Wang

The potential drag optimization of BYD Qin-Pro EV is firstly illustrated based on the CFD simulation method and verified in wind tunnel tests, and the drag coefficient ( C D ) of this model is reduced from 0.314 to 0.227. Then, by correlating CFD simulation with wind tunnel test, the accuracy of different simulation methods is compared. By analyzing the coherent structures and critical features of the flow field, the relationship between the wake vortex structure and drag, as well as the drag losses caused by wheel rims to overall power loss, are expounded. In addition, according to the road coastdown tests under various conditions, it is found that as the vehicle accelerates, grille sealing and exterior design optimization exhibit a positive trend in reducing drag, but the underbody deflectors are opposite. These findings hold great significance for the aerodynamic development of EVs, particularly in the context of platformization, where there are diverse aesthetic and engineering requirements. This research offers valuable insights into drag reduction for typical sedan and can provide guidance for future aerodynamic advancements in this field.

A. Liu, Weiliang Yao, Shaojie Yang, David Gonsoulin, Aiden Larson, Amariah Condon, Peter M. Attia, Y. S. Meng

The increasing demand for large-format lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles has accelerated the development of cell formats that offer higher energy density and improved pack-level efficiency. Among these, the 4680 cylindrical cell format, pioneered by Tesla, has gained widespread adoption due to its potential to simplify battery pack architecture while enhancing gravimetric energy density. Other cell manufacturers, including Samsung, Panasonic, BYD, and others, have adopted the 46XX format, incorporating various chemistries. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of BYD’s 4680 LFP/graphite cylindrical lithium-ion cells. Detailed physical teardown, X-ray imaging, electrochemical testing, and electron imaging were performed to evaluate both cell- and materials-level attributes. The teardown and X-ray imaging reveal an uncommon multi-tab configuration and homogeneously double-sided electrode coatings, with no silicon additives in the graphite anode. Electrochemical testing indicates energy densities of 374.6 Wh L⁻¹ and 150.5 Wh kg⁻¹. Furthermore, hybrid pulse power characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show impressive rate capability, with low cell-level DC area-specific resistance (6–17 Ω·cm² across various SOCs) and an area-specific charge transfer resistance of approximately 5.9 Ω·cm². These findings highlight a new direction for the 4680-cell format in both design and performance, establishing a strong foundation for future developments in large-format cylindrical battery technology.

Simon Suwanzy Dzreke

BYD Auto's meteoric rise from a regional Chinese manufacturer to the world's dominant electric vehicle (EV) producer, with over 22% global market share, has triggered a profound crisis in the liberal global trade order, crystallizing tensions between market principles and geopolitical realism. This critical analysis examines the legitimacy of national security exclusions (NSEs) asserted by Western governments, notably the US "Foreign Entity of Concern" (FEOC) clause under the Inflation Reduction Act and the EU's anti-subsidy probe targeting Chinese EVs, as defensive measures against BYD. The research reveals a striking contrast by employing critical discourse analysis of policy language, rigorous legal assessment of WTO NSE jurisprudence (particularly Article XXI GATT and the Russia - Traffic in Transit precedent), and empirical investigation of BYD's market impact and supply chain structure. Findings reveal an expanding doctrine of "economic security" in which NSEs are increasingly deployed in the absence of clear military threats, driven instead by securitization narratives that frame commercial success as strategic vulnerability—a process starkly illustrated by the FEOC's material restrictions and the EU probe's geopolitical framing. This intentional choreography undermines fundamental liberal principles of nondiscrimination and market openness. At the same time, Western industrial policies, such as the $369 billion Inflation Reduction Act subsidies, resemble the very state interventions criticized in China. The resulting normative hypocrisy, which juxtaposes free-market rhetoric against targeted protectionism justified by elastic security claims, undermines the WTO's epistemic authority and accelerates the fragmentation of the rules-based system into a contested interdependence marked by institutional heterogeneity and reciprocal exceptionalism. Keywords: National Security Exception (NSE), World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Security, Securitization, Liberal Hypocrisy, Electric Vehicles (EVs), BYD, Industrial Policy, Contested Interdependence, Article XXI GATT